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​1. '¸¸Àå(ØÂíñ)', À̽ÂÀÇ ¸¶Áö¸· ¹®ÀåÀ» ¹Ù¶÷¿¡ ¶ç¿ì´Ù

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​2. À¯±³Àû Áú¼­¿Í ÅäÂø ½Å¾ÓÀÌ ºú¾î³½ '±Íõ(Ïýô¸)'ÀÇ µå¶ó¸¶

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​4. Çü½ÄÀÇ ¼þ°íÇÔ ¼Ó¿¡ °¨ÃçÁø ½ÇÁ¸Àû Àο¬ÀÇ ±íÀÌ

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​5. »çÀÚÀÇ ¼­(ßö)¿Í ¿¡ÇÇŸÇÁ: Àηù º¸ÆíÀÇ ¾Öµµ ¹®¹ý

ÀÌó·³ ​±â·ÏÀ» ÅëÇØ ¿µ»ýÀ» ²Þ²Ù´Â ¿å±¸´Â ¼¼°è»çÀû º¸Æí¼ºÀ» Áö´Ñ´Ù. °í´ë ÀÌÁýÆ®ÀÇ '»çÀÚÀÇ ¼­(Book of the Dead)'°¡ »çÈÄ ¼¼°èÀÇ ¾È³çÀ» ºô¸ç ÆÄÇǷ罺¿¡ ÁÖ¹®À» ä¿ü´Ù¸é, À¯·´ÀÇ '¿¡ÇÇŸÇÁ(Epitaph, ¹¦ºñ¸í)'´Â ªÀº ¹®ÀåÀ¸·Î °íÀÎÀÇ Á¤Ã¼¼ºÀ» ¿µ±¸È÷ ±â·ÏÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« °¡³ªÀÇ 'ÆÇŸÁö °ü(Fantasy Coffins)' ¿ª½Ã ¸ÁÀÚÀÇ ¿­Á¤À» Çü»óÈ­ÇÏ¿© Á×À½À» »ýÀÇ ¿Ï¼ºÀ¸·Î ÃàÇÏÇÏ¿´´Ù.

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[Column] The Last Ode Fluttering in the Wind: The Aesthetics of Eternal Farewell Found in Manjang

By Seung-man Kim, Ph.D.

Ph.D. in Literature, Korea University (Classical Translation)

Specialist in Ancient Manuscripts & Fine Arts, Kobay Auction Co., Ltd.

​1. Manjang (ØÂíñ): Casting the Final Sentences of This Life into the Wind

​At the head of funeral processions in the Joseon Dynasty, silk or paper banners fluttered in the wind, honoring the virtues of the deceased. These are called Manjang (ØÂíñ). Derived from the character 'Man (ØÂ),' meaning 'to pull a cart,' these banners originated from the songs sung by pallbearers pulling the funeral bier. Over time, they evolved into a visual tribute displaying Mansa (ØÂÞò), or elegies written to mourn the dead.

The three scrolls of Manjang, each written by the three literati—Sim Neung-baek (pen name Suam, 1783–1862), Sim Neung-seo, and Sim Neung-pal—grieving the death of their brother-in-law, are more than simple eulogies. They served as honorable 'last companions,' proclaiming the deceased's virtues to the world and escorting him on his journey to the afterlife. This was the highest literary tribute the living could offer the dead, representing the essence of Joseon scholar culture that sublimated sorrow into art.

​[The Elegy by Sim Neung-baek]

Reflecting on the days we roamed together long ago,

You were a man of sincerity and faith, like a brother.

Conducting yourself with grace, you raised your standing and renown,

Following your nature, you revealed your true innocence.

You faithfully upheld the family legacy and guarded your official post,

Amidst the warmth of shared affection (wine), our white hair grew together.

Suddenly, you have become a face of the distant past,

As I write this elegy, tears soak my sleeve.

​2. The Drama of 'Returning to Heaven' Woven by Confucian Order and Folk Beliefs

​To the people of Joseon, death was not a futile extinction but a natural cycle where "the spirit (ûë[Hon]) ascends to heaven, and the body (ÛÞ[Baek]) returns to the earth." "The funeral was a continuous sequence of sincere procedures to bid farewell to these separated entities.

​From Imjong (×üðû), watching the final moments, to Gobok (ÍÁÜÖ), calling the soul from the roof, these acts represented the desperate human will to hold onto the departing spirit. Yeomsup (Ö±ã©), washing and dressing the body, and Seongbok (à÷Ü×), wearing mourning clothes, were processes of elevating the deceased to the status of an ancestral deity.

​The climax of this drama is Balin (Û¡ìæ). As the funeral bier leaves the house, the dirge "Now if I go, when shall I return? Eo-heo-eo-heo Eo-heo-ya" rings out. This chant maximizes sorrow while coordinating the pallbearers' steps. As Sim Neung-baek confessed, "You have suddenly become a face of the distant past," this sound ritually declares an irreversible severance. At the forefront of this sonic procession, the Manjang fluttered, serving as a visual bridge connecting this life and the afterlife.

​3. The Setting Sun over Five Peaks and the Visual Sorrow in Brushstrokes

​The paintings at the top of the Manjang convey messages beyond words. The Five Peaks (Obong) and the sun setting beyond them are high-level metaphors for the end of life. The mountain range represents the unchanging order of the world, while the setting sun illustrates the undeniable providence that all living things must perish.

​Furthermore, the bird sitting alone on a branch weeping is a visual manifestation of the sorrow Sim Neung-baek expressed in his poem: "Tears soak my sleeve." He described the deceased as a "sincere person" and one who "kept his innocence." The longing for the one who has suddenly become a distant memory melts into the heavy brushstrokes and imagery, evoking a universal empathy that transcends time.

​4. The Thickness of Existential Bonds Hidden in Solemn Forms

​From a historical perspective, Manjang was also a tool to display a family's power. Since the number of banners proved the deceased's social network, hundreds of Manjang would fill the streets in the funerals of prestigious families. However, what we must focus on in Sim Neung-baek's Manjang is not authority, but the 'reality of relationships.'

​Even within the formalized framework of Confucian funerals, he frankly described the deceased's life—his love for wine and his innocent nature. This proves that Manjang was a measure of the depth of human connection, beyond the mere shell of family prestige. The warmth of humanity survives within the scent of ink, far hotter than taxidermied honor.

​5. The Book of the Dead and Epitaphs: Universal Grammar of Mourning

​The desire for eternal life through records is a universal phenomenon in world history. If ancient Egypt's 'Book of the Dead' filled papyrus with spells for a safe passage to the afterlife, Europe's 'Epitaphs' preserve the deceased's identity in short sentences. Ghana's 'Fantasy Coffins' in Africa celebrate death as the completion of life by shaping coffins into the deceased's passions.

​Joseon's Manjang aligns with these traditions but holds the status of unique 'memorial art' by compressing the deceased's life into literature and painting on a banner. While Western examples often focus on material permanence, Manjang maintains a literary solemnity that sings of both the ephemeral and the eternal on silk swaying in the wind.

​6. The Value of True 'Mourning' in the Digital Age

In the rapidly changing modern society, funerals are becoming simplified, and digital obituary text messages are replacing paper banners. Therefore, the resonance of the Cheongsong Sim clan's Manjang is even more desperate in this era. Manjang treated the deceased not as an object to be 'processed,' but as a being to be 'remembered' with sincerity through poetry and painting.

​This heartfelt record dedicated to the final moments of life's long journey emphasizes that 'Well-dying'—parting with dignity—is just as important as 'Well-being' today. At the end of 2025, what we must face is not the fear of death, but perhaps the truthful trajectory of our lives that we can display proudly and beautifully, like a Manjang flag.

¡Ø¿ÜºÎ±â°í ¹× Ä®·³Àº º»ÁöÀÇ ÆíÁý¹æÇâ°ú ´Ù¸¦ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.



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